Despite increased capacity at federal and private universities, less than 40 percent of applicants presently gain access to university in Nigeria. In 2017 and 2018, 1,736,571 and 1,662,762 applicants sat for the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME), respectively, but Nigeria’s universities and colleges only had the capacity for slightly more than 600,000 of these applicants. Given these shortages, the competitive admissions process in Nigeria has been blamed for the spread of examinations fraud. After the National University Commission banned post-UTME entrance examinations that had been used by several universities, higher education institutions now screen applicants increasingly based on their scores in the secondary school leaving examination (in addition to the UTME). This incentives students to engage in examinations fraud to improve their chances for university admissions. The severe shortage of university seats also fuels growing outbound mobility among students who can afford to study abroad.  Increasing numbers of Nigerian students studying in foreign countries like the U.K., Ghana, the U.S., Canada or Malaysia.